Method, apparatus and system for location detection and object aggregation

ABSTRACT

A positioning determination method using an improved RFID location tag is described the tag including an RFID controller; memory; a power management module; and an accelerometer. The position determination method including the steps of periodically polling the RFID tags for information; receiving information from a plurality of reference RFID tags at a known location; receiving information from the non reference RFID tags, the information including the tag id and sensor data; calculating for each non reference and referenced RFID tag a received signal strength indication; and calculating an initial position for each non reference RFID tag based on the received signal strength indications and the positions of the reference RFID tags.

This application is a U.S. National Stage application of PCT/NZ2016/050165, filed Oct. 7, 2016, which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/238,631, filed Oct. 7, 2015 and which applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. To the extent appropriate, a claim of priority is made to each of the above disclosed applications.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods, apparatus and systems for obtaining accurate positioning information using RFID tags integrated with sensors.

BACKGROUND

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags attached to objects are primarily used for automatic identification. RFID tags can be active, passive or semi-passive. Active and semi-passive tags have a battery or source of power while passive tags use power harvested from received RF signal. RFID readers are devices that interrogate RFID tags using encoded RF signals. RFID tags respond to query from a reader with a unique identifier that is meaningful to the reader of the tag. RFID tags can also be classified as read/write or read-only tags. Read-Only tags respond back with the same information when queried by a reader. Read-Write tags change the information in response to a query.

Various other references to the prior art and its associated problems are made throughout the following description.

The present invention aims to locate a tag attached to a user or object accurate to a few centimeters. Such an RFID tag has potential for driving many applications where indoor location accuracy is necessary without the use of GPS and cheap enough to be quickly deployed on hundreds of objects.

Each object is to be read disjunctively with the object of at least providing the public with a useful choice.

The present invention aims to overcome, or at least alleviate, some or all of the aforementioned problems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is acknowledged that the terms “comprise”, “comprises” and “comprising” may, under varying jurisdictions, be attributed with either an exclusive or an inclusive meaning. For the purpose of this specification, and unless otherwise noted, these terms are intended to have an inclusive meaning—i.e. they will be taken to mean an inclusion of the listed components which the use directly references, and possibly also of other non-specified components or elements.

According to one aspect, the present invention provides A positioning determination method using an improved RFID location tag, the location tag comprising:

-   -   an RFID controller;     -   memory;     -   a power management module; and     -   an accelerometer,     -   wherein the method comprises the steps of:     -   periodically polling the RFID tags for information;     -   receiving tag information from a plurality of reference RFID         tags at a known location;     -   receiving information from the non reference RFID tags, the         information including the tag id and sensor data;     -   calculating for each non reference and referenced RFID tag a         received signal strength indication; and     -   calculating an initial position for each non reference RFID tag         based on the received signal strength indications and the         positions of the reference RFID tags.

According to a further aspect, the present invention provides a graphical visualization system for analyzing and graphically representing the correlation of a plurality of transaction items, the system including: a data retrieval module arranged to retrieve data from a data storage module in communication with the graphical visualization system, wherein the retrieved data is associated with groups of the transaction items, a dimension module arranged to correlate a plurality of groups of transaction items in a dimensionally reduced manner, a hierarchical tree module arranged to create a tree hierarchy, wherein the tree hierarchy is arranged to classify the groups in a hierarchy according to a defined user understandable factor and is linked to the groups of transaction item, and an interaction module arranged to graphically represent interactions between the correlated groups of transaction items and the linked tree hierarchy.

According to a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of generating a representation of data values on a virtual map for a plurality of data objects located in the real space represented by the map, the method comprising the steps of the data visualization computing system:

-   -   i) retrieving for each object data values from a data storage         module in communication with the data visualization system,     -   ii) determining a location of the object on the map; and     -   iii) combining objects that are the same and are located in a         similar space and representing the objects by an icon on the map         in a location representative of the location of the objects in         real space,         wherein the data values for each object retrieved include alerts         associated with each object and wherein the icons including         indicia to indicate alerts.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1A shows a NASDAQ Heat Map Example;

FIG. 1B shows a NASDAQ Heat Map Intra Day Data Example;

FIG. 1C shows a diagrammatical representation of some key terms;

FIG. 2A shows a system concept diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2B shows an overview of the software modules in the described system.

FIG. 3 shows a general overview of the data flow within the system according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 shows an architectural overview of the described solution according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 shows a high-level system delivery overview of the described solution according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6A shows a general data flow diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6B shows a flow diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 shows the concept of layers according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 shows a components of the RFID tag of the present invention;

FIG. 9 shows a schematic diagram of the RFID tag location system of the present invention;

FIG. 10 shows a screen shot of a mapping application of the present invention;

FIG. 11 shows a diagram of the icon combining of the present invention;

FIG. 12 shows a diagram of an alternative icon combining of the present invention;

FIG. 13A shows a diagram of icon recombining of the present invention at a first time;

FIG. 13B shows a diagram of icon recombining of the present invention at a second time;

FIG. 14 shows a diagram of the various drill down information levels of the present invention;

FIG. 15 shows a table of the underlying icon data combing of the present invention;

FIG. 16 is a flow diagram illustrating a process for training to improve position accuracy for stationary objects with periodic updates;

FIG. 17 is a flow diagram illustrating a process for training to improve position accuracy for stationary objects with continuous updates;

FIG. 18 is a flow diagram illustrating a process for training to improve position accuracy for moving objects with periodic updates;

FIG. 19 is a flow diagram illustrating a process for training to improve position accuracy for moving objects with continuous updates;

FIG. 20 is a flow diagram illustrating a process for signal processing for stationary objects; and

FIG. 21 is a flow diagram illustrating a process for signal processing for moving objects.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Four key terms (or concepts) form the foundation of the specification set out in this document and accordingly have been defined as follows:

The four key terms are:

-   -   Business Performance Drivers (BPD)     -   BPD Packages     -   Visual Designs     -   Visual Documents

The key terms are defined as follows:

Business Performance Drivers (BPDs): A Business Performance Driver (BPD) is a business metric used to quantify a business objective. For example, turnover, sales. BPDs are Facts (sometimes referred to as measures). Facts are data items that can be counted. For example, Gross Sales; Units Sold.

BPDs comprise of:

-   -   1. Measures: Data items that can be counted. For example, Gross         Sales; Units Sold.     -   2. Dimensions: Data items that can be categorized. For example,         Gender; Locations.     -   3. Restrictions can be applied to BPDs. These filter the data         included. For example a restriction of ‘State=“CA”’ may be         specified to only include data for California.     -   4. Normalizations can be applied to BPDs. These specify (or         alter) the time period the BPD refers to. For example—Daily         Units Sold, Monthly Profit.     -   The combination of BPDs, Restrictions and Normalizations         provides the flexibility to create many ways of looking at data         without requiring extensive definition effort.

In other words, a Business Performance Driver (BPD) is a ‘measure’ that can be normalized. Measures are data items that can be counted. For example, Gross Sales; Units Sold. BPDs might be displayed on visualizations. For example, Revenue earned per store on a map. Restrictions and/or Normalizations could be applied to a BPD. The following table provides examples of these:

Scenario Business Example BPD (no normalization or Revenue restriction) BPD with restriction Revenue earned in the state of California BPD with normalization Revenue earned in week 1 of 2008 BPD with restriction and Revenue earned in the state of California normalization in week 1 of 2008

BPD Packages: A BPD Package is made up from a set of related BPDs. This relationship (between a BPD Package and its BPDs) is defined using metadata.

BPD Packages can be thought of as the Visual Document's vocabulary.

Visual Designs: Visual Designs are a classification of the different types of visualizations that a user may choose. Within each Visual Design, there are a number of visualizations. For example, the ‘spatial’ category can have retail store location maps or geographical location maps.

The software solution allows users to select one visualization (one visual form within a Visual Design category) to create a Visual Document.

Visual Document: A Visual Document contains visual representations of data. Access to the data used to construct the visual representation is in many ways analogous to a textual document.

A Visual Document is constructed by applying BPD data to a specific Visual Design. It is designed to illustrate at least one specific point (using the visualization), supports the points made with empirical evidence, and may be extended to provide recommendations based on the points made. The Visual Document is a deliverable to the user.

Dimen- Dimensions are data items that can be categorized. For sions example, Gender; Locations. Dimensions might be displayed on visualizations. For example product categories on a shop floor. Fact See Business Performance Drivers (BPDs) Measure See Business Performance Drivers (BPDs) Normali- Can be applied to BPDs. These specify (or alter) the time zations period the BPD refers to. For example - Daily Units Sold, Monthly Profit. The combination of BPDs, Restrictions and Normalizations provides the flexibility to create many ways of looking at data without requiring extensive definition effort. Refer to definition of BPDs for examples. Restric- Can be applied to BPDs or Dimensions. These filter the data tions included. For example a restriction of ‘State = “CA”’ may be specified to only include data for California. A BPD or Dimension could be restricted by Compound Statements (series of restrictions using AND/OR statements). For example, Revenue from all stores where state = California AND units sold >200 units. Restrictions have the following types: Restriction Business Type Definition Example Context = Equal to State = Revenue ‘CA’ earned within the state of California >= Greater Units Revenue than or Sold >= earned from equal to 200 stores where units sold were greater than (or equal to) 200 units =< Less than Revenue =< Revenue or equal to $50,000 earned from stores where Revenue was less than (or equal to) $50,000 > Greater Units Revenue than Sold > earned from 200 stores where the number of units sold were greater than 200 units < Less than Units Revenue Sold < earned from 200 stores where the number of units sold were less than 200 units IN In (list) State IN Revenue (CA’, earned from ‘NY’) stores within the states of California and New York BETWEEN Values Product Revenue between X Code earned from and Y between product codes ‘124’ and 124 to 256 ‘256’ (inclusive) NOT= Not Equal State Revenue to NOT = earned from CA stores outside the state of California. NOT IN Not in (list) State NOT Revenue IN (‘CA’, earned from ‘NY’) outside the states of California and New York. NOT Values not Store Code Revenue BETWEEN between X NOT earned from and Y Between stores 105 and excluding 110 stores with a store code between 105 and 110 (inclusive).

Heatmaps: A heat map is a graphical representation of data where the values taken by a variable in a two-dimensional map are represented as colors. A very similar presentation form is a Tree map.

Heat maps are typically used in Molecular Biology to represent the level of expression of many genes across a number of comparable samples (e.g. cells in different states, samples from different patients) as they are obtained from DNA microarrays.

Heat maps are also used in places where the data is volatile and representation of this data as a heat map improves usability. For example, NASDAQ uses heat maps to show the NASDAQ-100 index volatility. Source: Wikipedia^(i)

This is shown diagrammatically in FIG. 1A. Some blocks are colored green, which means the stock price is up and some blocks are colored red, which means the stock price is down. The blocks have a varying deepening of the relevant color to indicate the direction that the stock is moving; the deeper the color, the bigger the move.

If a user hovers over a stock, additional intra-day data is presented—as shown in FIG. 1B: Source: Nasdaq.com^(ii)

The key terms are set out diagrammatically in FIG. 1C. Visual designs 110 are individual visualization techniques. One or more are applied to visualize BPD packages 115 to create visual documents 120.

Many organizations are facing massive and increasing amounts of data to interpret, the need to make more complex decisions faster, and accordingly are turning to data visualization as a tool for transforming their data into a competitive advantage. This is particularly true for high-performance companies, but it also extends to any organization whose intellectual property exists in massive, growing data sets.

One objective of the described solution is to put experts' data visualization techniques in the customer's hands by skillfully guiding the end user through choosing the right parameters, to display the right data, and to create its most useful visualizations to improve business performance.

The described solution is a generic tool and can apply to multiple business areas that require decisions based on and understanding massive amounts of data. The resulting browser-based output is defined as a ‘Visual Document’.

The solution provided is summarized in FIG. 2A.

The system identifies user tasks 201 in the form of defining visual documents, requesting visual documents, requesting rendered documents, calls to action, and analyzing results. These tasks are then detected by the system in conjunction with other systems 203, which include CRM applications, third party Business Intelligence (BI) Tools and other third party applications, all of which may access data stored in an enterprise data warehouse (EDW). The visual design layer concept 207 may be utilized within the visual documents 205. The creation of the visual documents is made in conjunction with a number of different defined visual design types 209, BPD packages 211, spatial analysis maps 213 and other application components 215, such as application servers and application infrastructure.

A Visual Document contains visual representations of data. Access to the data used to construct the visual representation is in many ways analogous to a textual document. It is constructed by applying Business Performance Driver(s) (BPD) data to a specific Visual Design (Visual Designs are grouped into ten classifications).

A Visual Document is designed to illustrate at least one specific point (using the visualization), support the points made with empirical evidence, and may be extended to provide recommendations based on the points made. The Visual Document is the actual deliverable from the software to the software user. Visual Documents may be stored, distributed or analyzed later, as needed.

The Visual Document is fed by data and a metadata database that stores definitions of BPDs—the BPDs are the focus of the Visual Document. A Business Performance Driver is a business metric used to quantify a business objective. Examples include, gross sales or units sold. For instance, the Visual Document may be used to graphically depict the relationship between several BPDs over time.

In the Visual Document, data is rendered in up to seven layers in one embodiment. However, it will be understood that the number of layers may be varied as needed by the user. Specific Visual Document Layers are described herein. However, it will be understood that further Visual Document Layers may be included over and above the specific types described.

Visual Designs are explicit techniques that facilitate analysis by quickly communicating sets of data (termed BPD Packages) related to BPDs. Once constructed, Visual Documents may be utilized to feed other systems within the enterprise (e.g., Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems), or directly generate calls to action.

The described solution utilizes the best available technical underpinnings, tools, products and methods to actualize the availability of expert content.

At its foundation, the solution queries data from a high performance enterprise data warehouse characterized by parallel processing. This database can support both homogeneous (identical) and heterogeneous (differing but intersecting) databases. The system is adaptable for use with a plurality of third party database vendors.

A scalable advanced web server framework can be employed to provide the necessary services to run the application and deliver output over the web.

A flexible and controllable graphics rendering engine can be used to maximize the quality and speed levels required to support both static and dynamic (which could be, for example, animated GIF, AVI or MPEG) displays. All components can operate with a robust operating system platform and within secure network architecture.

Pre-existing (and readily available) third party components can be employed to manage user security (e.g. operating system security), industry specific applications and OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) or other more traditional reporting. The described solution is designed to facilitate speedy and reliable interfaces to these products.

A predictive modeling interface assists the user in analyzing forecasted outcomes and in ‘what if’ analysis.

Strict security, testing, change and version control, and documentation standards can govern the development methodology.

Many organizations are facing massive and increasing amounts of data to interpret, the need to make more complex decisions faster, and accordingly are turning to data visualization as a tool for transforming their data into a competitive advantage. This is particularly true for high-performance companies, but it also extends to any organization whose intellectual property exists in massive, growing data sets.

This clash of (a) more data, (b) the increased complexity of decisions and (c) the need for faster decisions was recently recognized in an IDC White Paper (Gantz, John et. al.; IDC White Paper; “Taming Information Chaos: A State-of-the-Art Report on the Use of Business Intelligence for Decision Making” November 2007), which described this clash as the “Perfect Storm” and that 50 this ‘storm’ will drive companies to make a quantum leap in their use of and sophistication in analytics.

Today's business tools and the way they operate barely allow business users to cope with historical internal data, let alone internal real time, predictive, and external data.

Hence, a new paradigm in business intelligence solutions is required.

System Overview

As explained above, FIG. 2A shows a high-level overview of the system.

There are five key components to the system. These are:

1. Visual Documents;

2. Visual Designs;

3. Business Performance Drivers (and BPD Packages);

4. Spatial Maps;

5. Application Components.

A description of each of these components is set out below under the respective headings.

Visual Documents

The Visual Documents form the core of the solution from a user perspective. This may include visualization(s), associated data and/or metadata (typically the visual form) that the user defines requests and interacts with. The Visual Documents may consist of single frames or animated frames (which could be, for example, implemented in AVI, GIF or MPEG format or a sequence of still images).

The Visual Document is typically viewed in a dynamic web browser view. In this interactive view the user may observe, select and navigate around the document.

Once created, the Visual Documents may be stored in the database and may be distributed to key persons (printed, emailed etc.) or stored for later use and analysis.

Visual Designs

The Visual Designs are a classification of the different types of visualizations that a user may choose. Within each Visual Design category, there are a number of visualizations. For example, the ‘spatial’ category can have retail store location maps, network maps or geographical location maps, such as, for example, maps available from Google™ or Yahoo™ The described system allows users to select one or more visualizations (e.g. one visual form within a Visual Design category) to create a Visual Document.

There are ten Visual Design categories defined below, however it will be understood that further Visual Designs are envisaged, as well as the number of visualizations within each classification and the number of classifications.

Business Performance Drivers (and BPD Packages)

Business Performance Drivers (BPDs) are a metric applied to data to indicate a meaningful measurement within a business area, process or result. BPDs may be absolute or relative in their form of measurement.

The Business Performance Driver (BPD) concept differs from the known KPI concept by introducing BPDs that

(1) may have multiple dimensions,

(2) place the BPD in the context of the factors used to calculate them,

(3) provide well understood points of reference or metadata around which visual document creation decisions can be made, and

(4) may contain one or more methods of normalization of data.

Common groups of BPDs are called BPD Packages. For example, BPDs relating to one industry (say, telecommunications) can be grouped into one BPD Package. BPDs may be classified into one or more BPD Packages. For example, Net Revenue with normalizations available of per customer or per month may be applicable in a number of industries and hence, applicable to a number of BPD Packages.

Spatial Maps

Spatial maps allow for a user-owned and defined spatial map and/or for the user to use publicly available context maps such as Google™ Maps or Yahoo™ Maps. In either case, the user can display selected BPDs on the chosen spatial map.

Typically, a user-owned spatial map may be the inside floor space of a business and a publically available context map may be used for displaying BPDs on a geographic region e.g. a city, county, state, country or the world.

Application Components

The described application includes two main components, the Application Servers and the Application Infrastructure.

The Application Server includes a number of servers (or server processes) that include the Rendering Engine (to make (or render) the Visual Documents), Metadata Servers (for the BPD Packages, the Visual Designs and the BPDs) and the Request Queue.

The Application Infrastructure is also comprised of a number of servers (or server processes) that may include a Listener (which ‘listens’ for document requests) and central error logging.

Based on the user selections made above (Visual Documents, Visual Designs and BPDs), the user can click on an action and send a communication to a third party system (CRM, Business Intelligence or other application). The third party system could, for example, load the list from the solution and then send out a personalized email to all members on that list.

According to one embodiment, the described server components of the application are a Java based application and utilize application framework such as the IBM™ WebSphere application server framework, other platforms and server applications may be utilized as alternatives. The client application may be a mashup that utilizes the server components or it could be a rich internet application written using the Adobe™ Flash framework.

Other key elements of the system may include:

-   -   Parallelism—Parallel processing to increase responsiveness or to         increase workload scalability of queries or Visual Documents.         This parallelism may also decrease response time for larger         visual documents in particular animated images may be executed         in a parallel fashion.     -   Security—System and user-access security. This security may be a         combination of authorization and authentication. The security         framework may be implemented using the application framework.     -   Map Updates—A map management tool to update user-owned spatial         maps.     -   Predictive Modeling—This may be an interface to third-party         predictive models.     -   Configuration Tools—The application may be supported by         configuration tools to enable rapid deployment of the         application.         Modular Overview         Module Descriptions

The diagram shown in FIG. 2B shows an overview of the software modules in the described system.

These modules are described in the subsequent table. More detailed descriptions and diagrams of each of the software modules are provided below.

The table below outlines the following four items in relation to each module:

-   1. Technology System Component: This is the name given to the system     component; this name matches the name in the above diagram. -   2. High Level Functional Description: Describes the role of the     software module. -   3. Caching: Indicates whether this module uses caching to optimize     performance.

Technology System Component High Level Functional Description Caching 1. Rendering Produces images and animations; could use Google ™ Yes Engine Maps or Yahoo ™ Maps for spatial context map. The development of Special Layers enables Visual Document produced to have unique capabilities that were not previously readily available. 2. Parallelism Enables parallel execution of requests for high volume Yes Engine of Visual Document output and rapid results delivery to users. The preferred application framework selected is the IBM ™ WebSphere product. This framework enables the application to be scaled across multiple servers. 3. Map Provides key map editing features (specifically CAD Yes Management like) and map version control (desktop and enterprise) Tool tools. 4. OLAP Reporting Industry standard online analytical reporting. For Yes example, sorting, filtering, charting and multi- dimensional analysis. It is desirable that the user interaction with the data selection process in the data view is seamless with the data visualization view. For example, if the user selects 5 customers from the data view, the same 5 customers should be selected in the visualization view. This means that the solution may be a hybrid view (as discussed later). This hybrid view is a ‘simple’ view and is an interface to an industry leading OLAP tool. One option includes interfacing to the OLAP tool via a JDBC interface from the described solution or a web service model for the selection management. 5. Predictive An interface to external predictive modeling engines; Yes Modeling may also have some modeling systems. For example, System Self Organizing Maps (SOM). 6. Visual Design Tools for users to manage the different Visual No Management Designs. System 7. BPD Tools for users to manage the different BPD Packages No Management and their associated BPDs. and Data Access Contains Data Access capability that enables data to System be queried from RDBMS (or potentially other data sources). 8. Output For management of the documents (Visual Yes Management Documents) within the system. System 9. Infrastructure Core system management functions including system Yes logging and Request Queue management. The Request Queue is also described under parallelism and there may be crossover between these two module descriptions. 10. Security Enables access to the system (or parts thereof) to be No properly controlled and administered. 11. Interfaces Allows services to be called by (or to call) external No applications. 12. Implementation Tools to deploy and configure the software system. Yes Tools Architectural Views of the System

This section contains descriptions and diagrams of the architectural views of the system. The architecture shows how the system components fit and operate together to create an operational system. If compared to a vehicle, the wiring diagrams, the physical body, the driving circle and key complex components like the engine would be shown in architectural views.

This view does not describe how the system is written; it describes the high-level architectural considerations.

Architectural considerations are typically implemented by one or more software modules. The modular view described herein lays out a high-level view of how the software modules are arranged.

FIG. 3 shows a general overview of the data flow within the system.

FIG. 4 shows the architectural overview of the described solution. This diagram is elaborated by the diagrams and descriptions in following sections of this document.

The following modules or components are shown:

Web interface Module 4105: User interfaces are browser based or may be a web services client, a rich internet application or may be a thick client. In all cases the user interface uses the same interface to the back end services.

Rendering Definition Module 4110: The user interface is used to define and request the rendering of Visual Documents

Rendering Use Module 4115: Visual Documents are used for analysis, and precipitate calls to action.

Connectivity Services Module 4120: The definition and rendering of Visual Documents is performed through a set of programs or services called the Connectivity Services.

Configuration Management Tools Module 4125: Multiple versions of the basic elements; BPD, Visual Design, Visual Documents; are managed by a set of programs called the Configuration Management Tools.

Visual Document Management Catalog 4130: One such Configuration Management Tool (4125) is a set of programs that manage a users' catalog of available Visual Documents.

Predictive Modeling Module 4135: Predictive modeling is used for forecasting unknown data elements. These forecasts are used to predict future events and provide estimates for missing data.

Map Management Tool 4140: Another of the Configuration Management Tools (21125) is the Map Management Tool. It is designed to manage versions of the spatial elements of a visual design such as a geographic map or floor plan.

Visual Document Definitions Management Module 4145: Visual Document Definitions are managed through the use of metadata (4175).

Message Queue Submission Module 4150: Requests for Visual Documents are handled through queued messages sent between and within processes.

Visual Design Type Module 4155: Visual Documents are comprised of one or many Visual Designs in these categories.

Visual Document Status Module 4160: The status of Visual Documents is discerned from the metadata and displayed on the user interface.

Interaction and Visual Document View Module 4165: The user interacts with the Visual Documents through the user interface, and appropriate changes to and requests to read are made to the metadata.

List Production Module 4170: Where additional output such as customer lists are required, they are requested using the user interface and stored in the EDW (4215).

Data Packages Metadata Module 4175: Metadata is used to describe and process raw data (data packages).

Message Queue Module 4180: Messages may be queued while awaiting processing (4150).

Visual Design and BPD Metadata Module 4185: Metadata is used to describe and process the BPD's and Visual Designs associated with a particular Visual Document.

Visual Documents Module 4190: Visual Documents may be comprised of layered Visual Designs.

Third Party Modules 4195: Visual Documents may be used with or interact with other third party tools.

Listener Module 4200: The listener processes messages (4150) in the message queue (4180) Document Controller Module 4205: The document controller is used to provide processed data to the rendering or query engines.

Central Error Logging Module 4210: System errors are detected and logged in the EWP (4215).

EDW 4215: All data is typically stored on a database, typically, multiple fault tolerant processors in an Enterprise Data Warehouse.

The following architectural components are described in more detail.

Architectural Component Description Connectivity This is a common communication service that is used when Services sending messages between systems (i.e. the described solution and 3^(rd) party tools) and between the described application layer and the user interface layer. Configuration Allows specialized users to configure Visual Designs and Management Tools Visual Documents to their needs - which differ from the default configuration provided. Manage Visual Gives selected users the ability to search, sort, group, and Document Catalog delete Visual Documents in the Visual Document Catalog. Predictive External modeling systems that use data sent from the Modeling described solution to perform complex calculations to produce predictive data. This predicted data is piped through the described solution to the user. Map Management This is an application that enables users to create modify and Tool delete individual maps to manage the complete sequences, this is very appropriate for management of floor plans. Data Packages The services responsible for providing metadata that enables Metadata the requester (typically, Data Collector) to source the data for the BPD. Visual Design & The services responsible for providing the metadata to the BPD Metadata requester (typically the Rendering Engine) that enables the construction of the Visual Documents. Request Queue The Request Queue manages the communication of requests for rendering of Visual Documents. These communications may be scheduled. Document The Document Controller consists of two components. The Controller first is the Data Collector responsible for reading the appropriate metadata and retrieving the data from the EDW (Enterprise Data Warehouse). This data is passed to the Rendering Engine that is responsible for producing the Visual Document. Document Controllers run parallel Visual Document requests, build and store documents. Read/Write The described solution provides a common interface for 3^(rd) Interface for 3^(rd) party tools to communicate with e.g. CRM applications. Party Tools 3^(rd) Party BI One of the 3^(rd) party tools that the described solution may Tools integrate with is an external OLAP tool. Secret Databases Secret databases are a method of sharing encrypted databases and providing a SQL interface that enables end users to run queries against atomic data without discovering the details of the data.

The following terms have been also been used in FIG. 4. These are explained in more detail below.

Architectural Component Description Logging Logging (for example, error logging and access logging) is an inherently difficult activity in a parallel independent and predominantly stateless system. The main issue that arises is that logging presents potential links between systems and therefore dependencies. Typically within the application, each server will be responsible for its own logging. This ensures that the system scales without degradation in performance. A separate process (central log reader) may be used to consolidate these logs dynamically as and when required. Web Server Web Servers respond to requests from users to provide Visual Documents. They read any required information from the metadata servers and Visual Document storage servers. If necessary they write Visual Document requests to the Request Queue. Metadata Metadata servers are responsible for storage and user Servers/ views of metadata. The metadata servers are also Storage responsible for the validation of user rights to read Visual Documents (within the application). Visual The Visual Document Catalog is a secure storage for all Document Visual Documents. Access is only possible when security Storage requirements are met. Data Typically the data collector queries the customer’s data Collector warehouse. The data warehouse can be augmented with additional subscribed embellishment data. This will provide the raw data that is represented visually back to the user. BPD Packages The described solution will use metadata to define groups Metadata of BPDs. These groups of BPDs are called BPD Packages. BPD Packages enable both internal data measures to be efficiently installed and external datasets to be provided. BPD packages contain no data.

A further high-level system delivery overview of the solution is set out as shown in FIG. 5.

The described solution 500 is hosted by the enterprise 510. The figure shows the logical flow from the submission of a request to the end result, viewing the rendered Visual Document.

The data being visualized belongs to the customer 512 and the submitted request is unknown to the entity running the visualization system 500.

The controlling entity, integrators and customers may wish to have summaries of technical performance data (usage patterns, errors etc) sent from the operational system back to the integrator or controlling entity.

The system 500 has access to the data in a EDW 505. The system utilizes a request queue 515 to control requests from a corporate network 510. These requests are forwarded to a document controller 520. The document controller 520 accesses both the EDW 505 and reads visual designs and BPD metadata services 525, as well as data packages metadata services 530.

The system described thus enables various methods to be performed. For example, data is transformed into visually interpretable information. The visually interpretable information is in the form of visual representations that are placed within one or more visual documents.

FIG. 6A shows a general data flow diagram for the described system.

The User Interface 610 allows the user to define BPD's 615 in terms of raw data 627, which become the focus of the Visual Document 630.

Further, the User Interface 610 allows the user, through automated expert help, to create the Metadata 620, the most appropriate Visual Designs 635 that make up the Visual Document 625 in order to provide detailed analysis of data related to the BPD 615. The data acquisition, visual design rendering and visual document rendering processes utilize massive amounts of raw data 627.

The Metadata 620 is used by the Processes 625 to optimize the acquisition of the appropriate Data 627, processing of the data into useful information, and to optimize the creation and rendering of the Visual Designs 635 and the Visual Document 630 that contains them.

This method includes the steps of providing comprehensive yet easy to understand instructions to an end user that has accessed the system and the visual design application. The instructions assist the end user in obtaining data associated with a theme, wherein the theme may be focused on objectives that have been derived from the data. The objectives may be business objectives, for example. In this way, the system guides a user carefully through the many choices that are available to them in creating the visual representations, and the system automatically tailors its instructions according to not only what the user requires, but also according to the data that is to be represented. The system focuses on providing instructions to enable a visual representation to be created that will enable an end user to more effectively understand the data that has been collated.

Further, the instructions assist the end user in determining one or more summaries of the obtained data that enable the end user to understand the theme, as well as organizing the determined summaries into one or more contextual representations that contribute to the end user's understanding of the theme.

Further, instructions are provided that assist an end user in constructing one or more graphical representations of the data, where each graphical representation is of a predefined type, as discussed in more detail below, and includes multiple layers of elements that contribute to the end user's understanding of the theme.

Finally, instructions are provided to assist an end user in arranging the produced multiple graphical representations in a manner that enables the end user to understand and focus on the theme being represented as well as to display or print the organized graphical representations.

The system assists in the organization or arrangement of the representations, elements thereof, within the visual document so as to ensure certain criteria are met, such as, for example, providing a suitable representation in the space available, using the minimum amount or volume of ink to create the representation, and providing a suitable representation that depicts the theme in a succinct manner, or visually simplistic manner.

The data being processed to create the graphical representations may be particularly relevant to the theme being displayed, disparate information or indeed a combination of relevant and disparate information.

There are multiple types of graphical representations that may be included within the visual document. The types are discussed in more detail below and include a hierarchical type, a spatial type, a virtual type, a classical type, a navigational type, a temporal type, a textual type, a structural type, a pivotal type, and an interactive type.

Further, the instructions may assist an end user in arranging the graphical representations in order to display high density data in a manner that conveys important information about the data, rather than swamping the end user with multiple representations that look impressive but do not convey much information.

In addition instructions may be provided to assist the end user in arranging the graphical representations to allow supplementary information to be added, where the supplementary information may be provided in any suitable form. Particular examples provided below depict the supplementary information being provided in subsequent visual layers that overlay the graphical representation. Alternatively, or in addition, supplementary information may include additional elements to be displayed within a single layer of the representation, for example, in the form of widgets.

FIG. 6B shows a flow diagram according to this embodiment of the invention.

Step 6105: Process Starts. User decides to manage the business.

Step 6110: Available data is identified and analyzed.

Step 6115: Business Process Drivers (metrics defined in terms of the data to indicate a meaningful measurement within a business area, process or result).

Step 6120: Data influencing the BPD metrics are identified.

Step 6125: BPD's are input into a computer system

Step 6130: BPD is categorized and appropriate metadata describing it is generated.

Step 6135: Visual Designs to display the influential data are created.

Step 6140: Visual Designs are aggregated into Visual Documents and rendered. Adjustments are made based on the freshness of all components (e.g., BPD, available data).

Step 6145: Visual documents are analyzed by the end user.

Step 6150: The end user decides on and implements actions based on the analysis in 6145.

As touched on above, business performance drivers (BPDs) are used to enable more efficient data analysis so as to produce accurate and relevant visual representations of the data. A BPD is a form of advanced business measure wherein additional information is included within the BPD that enables the system using the BPD to understand how to manipulate the BPD. That is, one or more intelligent attributes are included with the business measure to form the BPD, where those attributes reference or include information on how the BPD is to be processed or displayed. The form of processing and display may also be varied according to the device type or media upon which the business measures are to be displayed.

The attributes are attached to the business measure by storing the BPD in the form of a mark up language, such as, for example, HTML or XML. It will however be understood that any other suitable format for storing the BPD may be used where the attributes can be linked to the business measure.

In the example of HTML, the attribute is included as a tag. One such example would be to include the data or business measure within the body of the HTML code and follow the business measure with a tag that references the attributes, or dimensions, associated with that business measure.

Further, the attributes may also be modified or deleted, or indeed new attributes added, during or after the processing of the BPD so that the attributes are maintained, or kept up to date, bearing in mind the requirements of the entity using the BPD to visualize their data.

The business performance drivers, or measurable business objectives, are identified in order to create graphical representations of the business objectives, where those representations are placed within a visual document. A business objective may be, for example, a metric associated with a business.

Instructions are provided by the system to the end user, in order to assist the end user in establishing multiple business objectives as functions of available metrics, as well as assisting the user in organizing the business objectives into a contextual form that contributes to the end user's understanding of the business objectives.

Further, instructions are provided to assist the end user in constructing one or more graphical representations of the business objectives, where each graphical representation is of a predefined type, as mentioned above and described in more detail below. Further, each graphical representation includes multiple layers of elements that contribute to the end user's understanding of the business objective.

The elements within the graphical representation may include, for example, a shape, position, color, size, or animation of a particular object.

Instructions are also provided by the system to assist the user in arranging multiple graphical representations in a suitable manner that enables the end user to understand and focus on the business objectives being represented.

Finally, the end user is also assisted with instructions on how to display the organized graphical representations.

The following section describes a method of creating a visual representation of data in the form of a visual design.

The method includes the steps of the system providing instructions to an end user to assist the end user in constructing multiple graphical representations of data, where each graphical representation is one of a predefined type, as defined above and explained in more detail below, and the graphical representation includes multiple layers of elements that contribute to the end user's understanding of the data

The system also provides instructions to an end user that assist the end user with arranging multiple graphical representations of different types within the visual representation in a manner that enables the end user to understand and focus on the data being represented, as well as providing instructions to assist the end user in displaying the visual representation in a suitable manner.

The visual representation may be displayed in a number of different ways, such as on a color video screen or a printed page. The information that is forwarded to the display device to create the visual representation may differ according the type of display device so that the visual representation is produced in the best known suitable manner utilizing the advantages of the display device, and avoiding any disadvantages.

The data being displayed may be based on a measured metric or an underlying factor that affects a metric.

The elements within the graphical representation may include a shape, position, color, size or animation of a particular object.

Although a single visual document may include only one type of graphical representation, either in the form of multiple graphical representations or a single representation, there will also be situations where multiple types of graphical representations may be organized within a single visual document in order to convey different aspects of the data, such as, for example, temporal as well as spatial information. The inclusion of different types of graphical representations within a single document can provide an end user with a better understanding of the data being visualized.

Further, the single visual representation may be arranged to be displayed as an image on a single page or screen. This may be particularly useful where space is at a premium yet the user requires the visual representation to be provided in a succinct manner. For example, the user may request certain information to be displayed in a visual representation on a single mobile telephone display, or a single screen of a computer display, in order to show a customer or colleague the results of a particular analysis without the need to flick between multiple screens which can result in confusion, a waste of energy and ultimately a loss of understanding of the visual representations.

The same issue applies to printed representations, where the result of the system enabling a user to arrange a single representation, which may include multiple elements or layers, on a single page not only succinctly represents the data being analyzed but also saves the amount of paper being printed on and the amount of ink being used to print the document.

Further, the amount of ink required for a visual representation may be further reduced by providing instructions to the end user in a manner that directs them to control and use white space in a representation in an efficient manner so as to reduce the requirement of ink.

Multiple types of graphical representations may be merged together within a single visual document, or representation.

As mentioned above, instructions can be provided by the system to assist the end user in adding supplementary information to the visual representation, and the supplementary information may be provided in layers within the representation.

Visualization Framework

The following description provides the visualization framework that will support embodiments of the present invention. The description includes an overview of the importance of Visual Design including a brief historical recount of a world-recognized leading visualization. The description also sets out the Visual Design classifications for the described solution.

It will be understood that the Visual Design examples described in this section are examples for illustrative purposes to identify the concepts behind how the visualization is produced. Therefore, it will further be understood that the concepts described can produce visual designs different to those specifically described. The Visual Design examples shown are also used to help the reader understand the narrative describing the Visual Designs.

The system described is specifically adapted to create actual specific visualization designs relevant to selected vertical and horizontal industry applications being deployed.

A vertical industry application is one that is associated with a solution directed at a specific industry, such as, for example, the entertainment industry. In this example, BPDs relevant to that industry are created, such as rental patterns of movies over different seasons.

A horizontal industry application is one that is associated with solutions across multiple industries. For example, the BPD may be based on CRM analytics, which applies across a whole range of different industries.

Design is now a fundamental part of almost every aspect of how people live work and breath. Everything is designed from a toothbrush to every aspect of a web site. Compare visual design to architectural design—in both cases anybody can draw quite complex pictures. The resulting pictures could have stimulating and well drawn graphic elements. In both cases, the question is why does the world need designers? Exploring this question more deeply one can ask—does it make such a difference to how one perceives and understands a design when it is made by a professional rather than an amateur?

The trend in business intelligence is to design tools to provide flexibility and leave the world of visual design to the amateurs. Stephen Few comments in Information Dashboard Design^(iii) that “Without a doubt I owe the greatest debt of gratitude to the many software vendors who have done so much to make this book necessary by failing to address or even contemplate the visual design needs of dashboards. Their kind disregard for visual design has given me focus, ignited my passion, and guaranteed my livelihood for years to come.”

Visual Designs within the described framework are well thought through in how the data is displayed. The described system allows good information visualization design concepts to be captured and delivered back to users as Visual Documents using unique data processing and analysis techniques.

Visual Designs

Method or Visual Design Classifications

Ten Visual Design types are defined and incorporated into the described system. It will be understood that additional Visual Designs may be further defined including the creation of certain examples and actual Visual Designs for specific industry applications.

The visual design types include:

-   -   Hierarchical     -   Temporal     -   Spatial     -   Textual     -   Virtual     -   Structural     -   Classical     -   Pivotal     -   Navigational     -   Interactive         1. Hierarchical Visual Designs

One purpose of a hierarchical visual design is to present large scale hierarchical data in one display. It is a picture for understanding, monitoring, exploring and analyzing hierarchical data.

Key elements of hierarchical visual designs are:

-   -   Data is hierarchical.     -   Structure of data can determine hierarchy.     -   They can be overlaid with connections.

This type of visualization may be automatically generated from a table of contents. This automatically generated hierarchy then becomes a special layer over which specific information can be overlaid.

The Hierarchical Visual Design is a hierarchical diagram such as an organizational chart or a correlation matrix.

This Visual Design has at least one natural center and typically has a higher density toward the fringes of the visualization. The Hierarchical Visual Design can typically be considered as a ‘tree’ structure. The nodes and vertices within the tree structure are best if they are generated automatically from a dataset. This tree structure is a good example of a Special Layer.

The development process will include building a tree that is optimized for this type of Visual Design including heat mapping techniques.

Large scale hierarchical data is represented using various techniques such as mapping to icons, shapes, colors and heights.

Typical uses include mapping of web pages, organizational charts, decision trees and menu options.

2. Temporal Visual Designs

One purpose of a temporal visual design is to present temporal based data, such as, for example, revenue per day, in a specially designed calendar or time series view. This calendar view will enable users to view thematic layers that display BPD information such as revenue or sales.

This type of visual design is a completely data defined Visual Design. The key input values are typically ‘start’ and ‘end’ dates along with the ‘number’ of variables to be displayed.

The simplest, and potentially the most useful, Visual Design Special Layer may be a carefully drawn calendar. The calendar may then become a useful Visual Design for date-based Visual Documents.

Temporal analysis is one of the fundamental methods of almost all analysis. Using temporal high density visualizations, users will be able to overlay high density Thematic Layers on well-designed Special Layers such as the spiral data visualization shown in the above examples. This analysis can be applied in everything from customer frequency and spend analysis to analysis of the impacts of time of day on the management of a mobile phone network.

It is considered that temporal design patterns are particularly important in terms of analytics as the majority of analytics are time based. Described herein are several examples of producing temporal visual designs.

-   -   Non Contiguous Time—For example, weekends can be represented in         some interesting ways. The simplest way being not to show them.     -   Non-linear Time—This allows multiple years of history to be         shown where the oldest data is spatially compressed in the         Visual Design.     -   Temporal Special Layers—These can be used to compare quite         disjointed types of data. For example, the relationship between         external public events, operational payroll sizes and sales         revenue. There exists no easy way to numerically join this data         together, visually this data can be joined. The technique         combines well with simple correlations as it is possible to         combine these distinct datasets to show correlations.     -   Control—One important consideration in visualizing temporal data         is the gaining of scientific control. For example, seasonal         variables. This is particularly interesting as one year is         always different from the next. Quite simply, the start date of         each year is never the same as the next, and moving external         events such as Easter and ‘acts of God’ such as weather make         precise comparison very difficult.         3. Spatial Visual Designs

One purpose of a spatial visual design is to present an overview of large scale numerical data in one spatial display (i.e. a space) for understanding, monitoring and analyzing the data in relation to a space.

This type of visual design combines together base maps provided by third parties with rendered thematic layers. These “mash-ups” are user definable and accessible to users.

For example, third party base maps may include customer-owned spatial maps or readily available base maps such as those provided by Google™ Maps or Yahoo™ Maps. The system provides powerful thematic layers over one of these spatial base maps.

One example of a spatial visual design is available at www.weather.com^(vi). This map shows 50 two layers—(1) an underlying heat map overlaid with (2) actual temperature at specific cities. The points are useful as the state boundaries allow the user to determine with relative ease which city is being referenced. The underlying heat map is useful as it allows the user to see the overall trend at a glance.

A second example is available at Information Aesthetics^(v). This example shows the travel time from the center of London outwards using various methods of travel. The use of heat maps here shows very clearly the relationship between distance from the center of London and travel time.

In a further example, the ‘spatial’ category of visual design can have retail store location maps, network maps or geographical location maps, such as, for example, maps available from Google™ or Yahoo™

Numerical data may be independently mapped using parameters such as hue, saturation, brightness, opacity and size distributed across a defined geographical space.

Geographic mapping has a wide range of uses. In fact, with the wide availability of high quality base maps, the world is becoming spatially enabled. Mapping applications can be used for a huge variety of tasks, from customer relationship management to drive time analysis, site selection to insurance risk analysis and telecommunications network analysis.

4. Textual Visual Designs

One purpose of textual visual designs is to enable business users to interact and query seamlessly from the structured to the unstructured world.

While it is possible to do basic numeric analysis on variables such as hit frequency and number of clicks per hour, the key method is to use a special layer to construct a sensible schematic of the unstructured data then overlay BPDs. Simply put, the described solution will leverage information visualization to bring structure to the unstructured world.

For example, a heat map may be used as part of a textual visual design.

Unstructured textual information is a huge area of growth in data storage and intuitively, the business intelligence industry expects this data to become a valuable asset. The described solution provides information visualization capabilities that overlay and draw out the non-numeric, but actionable, observations relating to unstructured data, in order to link the numeric data warehouse to the unstructured world.

There are a multitude of Special Layers that may be used with textual data. These textual Special Layers extend from building self organizing maps of textual information to diagrams showing the syntax hierarchy of the words used in a document.

A self organizing map (SOM) consists of components called nodes or neurons. Associated with each node is a weight vector of the same dimension as the input data vectors and a position in the map space. The usual arrangement of nodes is a regular spacing in a hexagonal or rectangular grid. The self-organizing map describes a mapping from a higher dimensional input space to a lower dimensional map space. The procedure for placing a vector from data space onto the map is to find the node with the closest weight vector to the vector taken from data space and to assign the map coordinates of this node to our vector.

5. Virtual Visual Designs

One example of a virtual visual design is a 3D representation of a virtual environment. 3D worlds generate far more accurate and complete data than the real world. As these 3D worlds grow in popularity and become more immersive, the potential for business intelligence tools to be applied to this environment grows significantly.

One example application of the use of a virtual visual design is a retail space analysis tool where transaction data is under-laid as the color of the carpet or shelves. In the case of the shelves, the shelves can also show representations of the products on the shelves.

6. Structural Visual Designs

One purpose of a structural visualization is to illustrate the structure of the data. For example, network topology or interconnection between data elements. The interconnections in the examples below show how a simple Special Layer construct can be used to illustrate quite complex connections.

One example of a structural type visual representation is that of the London underground map. The London underground map is a key historic map showing the schematic topology of the London underground. Using this map travelers can intuitively plan out complex routes and interconnects. Without this visualization, navigating the London underground system would be significantly more difficult and complex to understand.

These structural visualizations are very powerful and are closely related to spatial visualizations. Most of the thematic treatments that can be applied to a spatial visualization are equally applicable to a structural visualization.

Examples of uses for such a visual design type would be for visualizing call routing across a network, electricity grid management and route optimization.

It will be understood that a wide variety of Special Layers may be created in this space. These Special Layers essentially generate the structural schematic from the base data.

Typically, the interconnections between nodes are used to generate the structure. One important aspect of the structural Special Layer is building the structure in such a way that interconnect line crossing is minimized.

7. Classical Visual Designs

Traditional charts provide a simple, common and well-established way of presenting data using classical visual designs. However, traditional charts are user-skill dependent and the herein described system may be used to apply guided Visual Design techniques to traditional charts to significantly extend their usefulness.

One example would be to show a line chart of Speed Vs Time in a simple two dimensional line graph. This type of basic graph shows the data clearly and allows the user to observe any geometric trends.

Some common charts that fall into this design category are as follows:

-   -   Scatterplots—Are Cartesian coordinates to show the relation of         two or more quantitative variables.     -   Histograms—Typically show the quantity of points that fall         within various numeric ranges (or bins).     -   Bar graphs—Use bars to show frequencies or values for different         categories.     -   Pie charts—Show percentage values as a slice of a pie.     -   Line charts—Are a two-dimensional scatterplot of ordered         observations where the observations are connected following         their order.         8. Pivotal or Quartal Visual Designs

Different visualization methods have been suggested for high-dimensional data. Most of these methods use latent variables (such as principal components) to reduce the dimensionality of the data to 2 or 3 before plotting the data. One problem with this approach is that the latent variables sometimes are hard to understand in terms of the original variables.

The parallel coordinate (PC) scheme due to Inselberg and others attempts to plot multivariate data in a completely different manner. Since plotting more than 3 orthogonal axis is impossible, parallel coordinate schemes plot all the axes parallel to each other in a plane. Squashing the space in this manner does not destroy too much of the geometric structure. The geometric structure is however projected in such a fashion that most geometric intuition has to be relearned, this is a significant drawback, particularly for visualization of business data.

Pivotal or Quartal visual designs allow the user to display higher dimensional data in a lower dimensional plot by ranking and splitting variables across various axes. This method may for example be used to display 3D data in a 2D plot.

9. Navigational Visual Design

Navigational visualizations use a highly visual interface to navigate through data while maintaining the general context of the data. This data visualization method may use other visual design types so it is differentiated more by the style of how it is used than the implementation standard.

Photosynth for example is a powerful navigational tool for moving between images, its display is designed for navigation of large numbers of linked images.

One illustrative navigational representation example is shown by Ubrowser. This navigational visualization example shows web pages represented in a geometry design. The web pages can be navigated through by spinning the cube shown in the example.

Navigational visualizations are designed for users to interactively move through the data. The objective of the visualization is to present a large volume of data in such a way as to enable users to move through the information and gain an understanding of how the data links together.

A number of display techniques are known for displaying information with regard to a reference image (the combination referred to as primary information). Where the limit of primary information is reached a user may wish to know more but be unable to further explore relevant information. A user may also simply wish to explore other aspects although there is more primary information to explore.

A key element of navigational visual designs is that they are interactive and are designed to assist in data navigation and data way-finding rather than for analytical purposes.

10. Interactive Visual Designs

This classification is for significantly advanced or interactive visual designs which do not fit within the preceding classifications.

These visualizations vary in nature from pure abstract forms to more tangible forms of visualizations. The key difference is that these visualizations may not be classified within the preceding Visual Design classifications due to their advanced nature or interactivity.

Any Visual Design layer considerations will be dependent on the interaction being considered.

There is opportunity to use common associations to provide iconic views of key events; the common associations are created using the interactive tools and asking users for feedback on the relevant icons. This feedback is then developed into a learned interactive system to provide iconic data representations.

Eye movement sensors can be used to control the interactivity and to learn information about relevant icon usage and control interactivity.

A wide range of user interfaces are used in conjunction with computer systems. Generally these are simply used to provide command or data inputs rather than to analyze the underlying behavior of a user in the context of the operation of a software application.

It would be desirable to operate software applications running on a computer on the basis of observed user behavior in the context of a software application.

The following describes a method for the assessment of Visual Design quality. In assessing the quality of a Visual Design the following factors should be considered:

-   -   Alternative approaches—To assess the capability of a Visual         Design it is important to contrast it with other visualization         methods. In particular one should compare the visual design to a         classical graph or table of numbers. This comparison is         important as many data visualizations add considerable graphic         weight but little informational value.     -   Visual simplicity—Looking at a visualization should not overload         the mind. The simplicity of the visualization is important as it         enhances interpretation and allows common understanding without         training. Some visualizations require considerable training to         be applied. In general, the described solution will not use         these visual designs.     -   Data density—the density of data in a visualization is a         critical measure of its overall value. Higher density         visualizations, if successful in maintaining their simplicity,         have considerable potential to increase the flow of information         to end users.     -   Volume of ink used—Is the visual design using negative space to         show key information? This use of negative space allows lower         volumes of ink to be used while showing the same or higher         density of information. In addition, ink required is generally         reduced as the number of “views” or pages of data is reduced to         convey the same volume of data.     -   Capability to be illuminated with detail—In the end, data         visualization becomes information visualization when the         specific details are shown. The ability of a visualization to         hold detailed information in specific places, often achieved         with labels, is a key element in determining its value as an         information visualization.         Visual Design Layers

There are seven defined Visual Design Layers which are set out diagrammatically as shown in FIG. 7. Other visual design layers may be added as appropriate.

These seven Visual Design Layers are described in the following table:

Visual Design Layer Type Description 1. Embellishment Layers Embellishment Layers have labels, symbology and/or other detailed information that is used to illuminate information that is displayed in the lower layers. The overlay can also include controls such as progress bars or spark-lines. 2. Selectable Layers Selectable Layers are interactive and consist of items that can have associated data. On a retail spatial map it includes store locations as they have associated data. Selectable Layers are typically not obscured by thematic treatments. 3. Thematic Layers Thematic Layers overlay colors or heatmaps on Special Layers. These thematic treatments become the core visual impact of the final Visual Document. 4. Transparent Thematic Transparent Thematic Layers are very similar to Layers Thematic Layers (in fact are an alternative). The only difference is that they are graphically merged using a transparent overlay. For example, this kind of layer is necessary to overlay heatmaps on maps.google.com. 5. Special Layers Special Layers construct the structure of the data. Specifically, the Special Layer understands how to automatically draw the data so that other thematic treatments can be applied. Special Layers include mundane layers such as layers of polygons. 6. Context Layers These are the lowest level of the visualization; they include background maps and other contextual information. 7. Context Map Layers This is a type of context layer that is rendered from a map such as Google ™ Maps, Yahoo ™ Maps etc. This may be a road map, satellite map or any other map. It is past as a set of tiled images and as such can only be used as a Context Layer. Typically, a Transparent Thematic Layer will be used to display thematic data on a context map layer.

In terms of the Special Layer, two examples of Special Layers are set out below:

A. Classic Example of Special Layer: Voronoi Diagram

Source: Wikipedia^(vi)

In mathematics, a Voronoi diagram, named after Georgy Voronoi, also called a Voronoi tessellation, a Voronoi decomposition, or a Dirichlet tessellation (after Lejeune Dirichlet), is a special kind of decomposition of a metric space determined by distances to a specified discrete set of objects in the space, e.g., by a discrete set of points.

In the simplest and most common case, in the plane, a given set of points S, and the Voronoi diagram for S is the partition of the plane which associates a region V(p) with each point p from S in such a way that all points in V(p) are closer to p than to any other point in S.

A Voronoi diagram can thus be defined as a Special Layer, where a set of polygons are generated from a set of points. The resulting polygon layer can then be subjected to thematic treatments, such as coloring.

B. Non Traditional Example of a Special Layer: Calendar

A calendar can be generated as a Special Layer for display of a temporal visual document. This Special Layer would require a ‘start date’ and an ‘end date’, most other information regarding the nature and structure of the Calendar could be determined automatically. The thematic layers would then use the structure of the calendar as a basis for thematic treatments such as coloring and contouring.

In an example from ENTROPÍA^(vii) a calendar is shown that can be created into a spiral. The structure and layout of this spiral will be the subject of considerable design discussions by information designers focused on issues such as aesthetics and clarity of information. The result of this discussion is a visual design of a spiral calendar Special Layer. This Special Layer can then be used for thematic treatments such as coloring.

Visual Design Types

One specific type of visual design, a spatial visual design, is now described in more detail below. References to the use of a spatial visual design for market basket classification or analysis are also made. It will be understood however that various other forms of visual design, besides spatial visual designs, may be used in conjunction with market basket analysis. For example, temporal visual designs may also be used to show the correlation between time based events.

Spatial Visual Designs

One purpose of a spatial visual design is to present an overview of large scale numerical data in one spatial display (i.e. a space) for understanding, monitoring and analyzing the data.

GIS and mapping tools have been part of business analytics for over 10 years. Syed Nasirin^(viii) states:

-   -   “In retailing, GIS is also known as “geodemographics.” It is         derived from the combination of both geographic and demographic         terms. The system was initially employed to support site         selection decisions, but has developed to support an array of         marketing mix decisions. As GIS ‘re-engineers’ the traditional         working approaches and involves continuous commitment from all         the parties (senior managers, system developers and users) in         the organization, the system fundamentally changes the existing         organizational working approach towards site selection and other         marketing mix decisions.”

Nasirin's statement illustrates the common kinds of uses of GIS for site selection and geodemographics.

The described solution is a next generation of thematic mapping. It mashes together the base maps provided by third parties with rendered thematic layers. These mash-ups are user definable and accessible to users.

Third party base maps may include customer-owned spatial maps or readily available base maps such as those provided by Google™ Maps or Yahoo™ Maps. The system provides powerful thematic layers over one of these spatial base maps.

One example of a known spatial visual design is available at www.weather.com^(ix). This map shows two layers—(1) an underlying heat map indicating a range of temperatures over a land mass (the USA), which is then overlaid with (2) actual temperatures for specific cities. The points are useful as the US state boundaries allow the user to determine with relative ease which city is being referenced. The underlying heat map is useful as it allows the user to see the overall trend at a glance.

A second example of a known spatial visual design is available at Information Aesthetics^(x). This example shows the travel time from the centre of London outwards using various methods of travel. The use of heat maps here shows very clearly the relationship between distance from the centre of London and travel time.

Numerical data may be independently mapped using parameters such as hue, saturation, brightness, opacity and size distributed across a defined geographical space.

Geographic mapping has a wide range of uses. In fact with the wide availability of high quality base maps, the world is becoming spatially enabled. Mapping applications can be used for a huge variety of tasks, from customer relationship management to drive time analysis, site selection to insurance risk analysis and telecommunications network analysis.

The described solution provides a flexible way that users can add geographic queries and analysis to their internal EDW (Enterprise Data Warehouse) applications. These can be further extended with the powerful animation capabilities of the described solution. This animation capability enables the extension of the spatial analysis to space/time analytical solutions.

Affinity analysis is a data analysis or data mining technique that is used to discover the degree of correlation among transaction attributes of specific items being analyzed. One such type of affinity analysis is market basket analysis or correlation.

For example, retailers may use market basket analysis in order to provide an increased understanding of the purchase behavior of groups of customers. The results of this analysis may then be used by the retailer to adapt their business, for example by applying cross-selling techniques, redesigning their store layout or design, as well as providing appropriate discount plans and promotions.

In prior known market basket analysis, association rules are developed between the transaction items being analyzed. Then, for each association rule, a percentage value is calculated for the support and confidence of that rule.

The support value is the percentage of the number of transactions that fit the association rule out of the total number of transactions. For example, if, out of 10 shopping baskets that were analyzed, 7 out of the 10 shoppers purchased both products A and B then the support value would be 7/10 or 70%.

The confidence value is the percentage of the number of transactions for a specific combination of two items out of the total number of transactions involving a specific one of those items. For example, if 4 shoppers who bought product A also bought product B, where 7 shoppers in total bought A, the confidence value is 4/7 or 57%.

The support and confidence values (factors) give an indication of the accuracy and usefulness of the association rules. Typically, when analysts look for pertinent or relevant rules, they look for rules generating at least 50% support and 80% confidence levels.

By setting a threshold that is acceptable to the user for each of the support and confidence values, the user is able to determine from the analysis which of the associations are more relevant.

When analyzing a number of transaction items, the number of combinations of the interaction between each item rises exponentially as the number of items increase. For example, if there are only two items to analyze, item A and item B, then there are only two possible association rules associated with these two items.

1) A is associated with B

2) B is associated with A

Whereas, if there are three items, the number of possible association rules increases to twelve as follows:

1) A is associated with B

2) A is associated with C

3) A is associated with (B and C)

4) B is associated with A

5) B is associated with C

6) B is associated with (A and C)

7) C is associated with A

8) C is associated with B

9) C is associated with (A and B)

10) (A and B) are associated with C

11) (A and C) are associated with B

12) (B and C) are associated with A

The equation for calculating the number of association rules is as follows: R=3^(d)−2^(d)+1

Where R=total number of association rules, and d=the number of distinct products.

Therefore, because the number of different transaction items in a real world situation may be in the tens or hundreds of thousands, known algorithms for performing market basket analysis are typically limited by removing or ignoring a large portion of the transaction items from the analysis to avoid combinatorial explosions. For example, a supermarket may stock 100,000 or more line items, and this clearly would involve far too many combinatorial expressions to take into account.

A further difficulty with known techniques is that a large number of the relationships found may be trivial for anyone familiar with the business. Although the volume of data has been reduced, a user may be trying to find a needle in a haystack. Requiring correlations to have a high confidence level risks missing some exploitable results.

The visualization tools described herein enable a user to understand and explore relationships between market baskets in an intuitive manner.

Embodiments of the present invention are described herein with reference to a system adapted or arranged to perform a method of detecting and representing correlations within data (or categorizations of data) and enabling interaction between the represented correlated or categorized data and a hierarchical representation of the data.

In summary, the system includes at least a processor, one or more memory devices or an interface for connection to one or more memory devices, input and output interfaces for connection to external devices in order to enable the system to receive and operate upon instructions from one or more users or external systems, a data bus for internal and external communications between the various components, and a suitable power supply. Further, the system may include one or more communication devices (wired or wireless) for communicating with external and internal devices, and one or more input/output devices, such as a display, pointing device, keyboard or printing device.

The processor is arranged to perform the steps of a program stored as program instructions within the memory device. The program instructions enable the various methods of performing the invention as described herein to be performed. The program instructions may be developed or implemented using any suitable software programming language and toolkit, such as, for example, a C-based language. Further, the program instructions may be stored in any suitable manner such that they can be transferred to the memory device or read by the processor, such as, for example, being stored on a computer readable medium. The computer readable medium may be any suitable medium, such as, for example, solid state memory, magnetic tape, a compact disc (CD-ROM or CD-R/W), memory card, flash memory, optical disc, magnetic disc or any other suitable computer readable medium.

The system is arranged to be in communication with external data storage systems or devices in order to retrieve the relevant data.

The term market basket in this application may refer to the traditional market basket wherein a number of transactions or transaction items are grouped together according to a particular criterion. For example, the market basket may be a group of consumer items that are purchased by a plurality of single consumers. Alternatively, for example, the market basket may be associated with a higher level, wherein it is associated with a group of consumer items that are purchased by a plurality of groups of consumers, where the groups are identified by a certain common factor, such as age, sex, ethnicity etc.

The term market basket in this application may also refer to a collection of data transactions, such as, for example, manufacturing data, test data, quality measurement data, power measurement data, environmental data, productivity data, or the like. These data transactions may be associated with one or more items, where those items are, for example, a product being manufactured, a manufacturing plant, employees, managers, base materials, machinery items, test stations, production lines, energy supply units, transport link facilities, storage facilities, or the like. Therefore, as an example, a market basket may consist of a number of data transactions for a number of products made on different production lines at different times.

The tools described herein enable a user to analyze and recognize the correlation between relationships of transaction items without the need to rely on the processor intensive calculation of association rules between all transaction items, or the need to remove or ignore large amounts of data associated with the market basket of transaction items that may otherwise provide some insight on interrelationships between the items.

Methods and visualization tools are herein described that enable users to have a greater understanding of relationships between transaction items and explore those relationships via an interactive graphical interface.

Methods and visualization tools are herein described that enable users to alter the physical layout of transaction items to optimize results. The user may interact with the new physical layouts in physical or 3D simulated worlds. In the physical or real world the user may overlay display information onto their interaction with the physical changes. These overlays include heads up displays or other forms of special viewing devices.

In a preferred embodiment all correlations between all market baskets (groups of transactions or transaction items) for all transaction attributes are determined. It will however be understood that great benefits may also be derived when only a subset of market baskets and/or a subset of transaction attributes are analyzed using the herein described methods, and that the methodology described herein provides significant advantages over the prior art. By looking at all correlations a user can be presented with correlations that they may not have even considered exploring to reveal unexpected insights. However, where resources (such as financial computational or time resources) are limited, a subset of correlations may still reveal useful information that otherwise would not have been found using standard techniques.

As a first step, the transaction items (e.g. products sold in a retail outlet, telecommunication services, vendible items or other measurable data associated with specific items) are correlated or dimension reduced for one or more different transaction attributes (e.g. location of the transaction, time of the transaction, or attribute of the item such as category, branding, market segment etc.). That is, the transaction items are classified using a dimension reduction, correlation or classification method.

In the example provided below, the system creates a self-organizing map to reduce the number of dimensions associated with the transaction items. It will be understood that the “reduction of dimensions” is a term that equates to the “unfolding of dimensions”, wherein multi-dimensional data is represented in lesser dimensions without any significant loss of the inter relationships between the transaction items. For example, the reduction of a 3d globe of the earth to a 2d map representing the earth has reduced the dimensions, or unfolded the dimensions, of the items (e.g. topography) on the globe but without losing any of the interrelationship information of the items (e.g. distance and relationships between cities and countries).

It will be understood that the system herein described includes one or more elements that are arranged to perform the various functions and methods as described herein. The following portion of the description is aimed at providing the reader with an example of a conceptual view of how various modules and/or engines that make up the elements of the system may be interconnected to enable the functions to be implemented. Further, the following portion of the description explains in system related detail how the steps of the herein described method may be performed. The conceptual diagrams are provided to indicate to the reader how the various data elements are processed at different stages by the various different modules and/or engines.

It will be understood that the arrangement and construction of the modules or engines may be adapted accordingly depending on system and user requirements so that various functions may be performed by different modules or engines to those described herein, and that certain modules or engines may be combined into single modules or engines.

It will be understood that the modules and/or engines described may be implemented and provided with instructions using any suitable form of technology. For example, the modules or engines may be implemented or created using any suitable software code written in any suitable language, where the code is then compiled to produce an executable program that may be run on any suitable computing system. Alternatively, or in conjunction with the executable program, the modules or engines may be implemented using any suitable mixture of hardware, firmware and software. For example, portions of the modules may be implemented using an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a system-on-a-chip (SoC), field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) or any other suitable adaptable or programmable processing device.

The methods described herein may be implemented using a general purpose computing system specifically programmed to perform the described steps. Alternatively, the methods described herein may be implemented using a specific computer system such as a data visualization computer, a database query computer, a graphical analysis computer, a retail environment analysis computer, a gaming data analysis computer, a manufacturing data analysis computer, a business intelligence computer etc., where the computer has been specifically adapted to perform the described steps on specific data captured from an environment associated with a particular field.

Glossary

Term Definition Agile Development Agile software development is a conceptual framework for software engineering that promotes development iterations throughout the life-cycle of the project. There are many agile development methods; most minimize risk by developing software in short amounts of time. Software developed during one unit of time is referred to as an iteration, which may last from one to four weeks. Each iteration is an entire software project: including planning, requirements analysis, design, coding, testing, and documentation. An iteration may not add enough functionality to warrant releasing the product to market but the goal is to have an available release (without bugs) at the end of each iteration. At the end of each iteration, the team re-evaluates project priorities. Wikipedia^(xi) BPD Packages A BPD Package is made up from a set of related BPDs. This relationship (between a BPD Package and its BPDs) is defined using metadata. BPD Packages can be thought of as the Visual Document’s vocabulary. Catalog The described catalog is used to store permanent and temporary objects that are necessary for creation and storage of Visual Documents. These may include Visual Designs, BPDs, Configuration tools and other objects. There may be multiple catalogs of different types (such as - database, flat file) which are configured by an integrator - dependent on customer requirements. All items in a catalog are identified by a unique ID and can only be accessed by those with the correct authorization. Data Packages Data Packages contain data that can be sold with subscription or service provision including an associated managed dataset. For example, census data will be available as a Data Package; this Data Package will enable the described solution users to interact and use a slowly changing dataset called census. (Census data can be updated after each census and is often modeled between each census). Dimension Dimensional modeling always uses the concepts of facts (sometimes referred to as measures) and dimensions. Facts are typically (but not always) numeric values that can be aggregated, and dimensions are groups of hierarchies and descriptors that define the facts. For example, sales amount is a fact; timestamp, product, register#, store#, etc. are elements of dimensions. Wikipedia^(xii) Dimensional DM is a logical design technique that seeks to present the data in Modeling a standard, intuitive framework that allows for high-performance access. It is inherently dimensional, and it adheres to a discipline that uses the relational model with some important restrictions. Every dimensional model is composed of one table with a multipart key, called the fact (sometimes referred to as measures) table, and a set of smaller tables called dimension tables. Each dimension table has a single-part primary key that corresponds exactly to one of the components of the multipart key in the fact table. Intelligent Enterprise^(xiii) Enterprise Java In a typical J2EE application, Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs) Beans (EJBs) contain the application’s business logic and live business data. Although it is possible to use standard Java objects to contain your business logic and business data, using EJBs addresses many of the issues you would find by using simple Java objects, such as scalability, lifecycle management, and state management. Wikipedia^(xiv) Fact Dimensional modeling always uses the concepts of facts (sometimes referred to as measures) and dimensions. Facts are typically (but not always) numeric values that can be aggregated, and dimensions are groups of hierarchies and descriptors that define the facts. For example, sales amount is a fact; timestamp, product, register#, store#, etc. are elements of dimensions. Wikipedia^(xv) IIOP (Internet IIOP (Internet Inter-ORB Protocol) is a protocol that makes it Inter-ORB possible for distributed programs written in different Protocol) programming languages to communicate over the Internet. SearchCIO-Midmarket^(xvi) KML Keyhole Markup Language. Google ™ Earth is a geographic browser -- a powerful tool for viewing, creating and sharing interactive files containing highly visual location-specific information. These files are called KMLs (for Keyhole Markup Language): what HTML is to regular Internet browsers, KML is to geographic browsers. You can open KML files in both Google ™ Earth and Google ™ Maps, as well as in many other geographic browsers. Google ™ Maps^(xvii) MDT The average time that a system is non-operational. This includes all time associated with repair, corrective and preventive maintenance; self imposed downtime, and any logistics or administrative delays. The difference between MDT and MTTR (mean time to repair) is that MDT includes any and all delays involved; MTTR looks solely at repair time. Wikipedia^(xviii) Metadata Metadata describes how data is queried, filtered, analyzed, and displayed in the described solution. In general terms, metadata is data about data. For example, in a library the metadata (pertaining to the catalog of books) could be - the title of the book, the author(s), categories (e.g. reference, fiction, non- fiction etc), physical location. This metadata can be used in searches, directories etc to help users locate books. MTBF Mean time between failures (MTBF) is the mean (average) time between failures of a system, and is often attributed to the ‘useful life’ of the device i.e. not including ‘infant mortality’ or ‘end of life’. Calculations of MTBF assume that a system is ‘renewed’, i.e. fixed, after each failure, and then returned to service immediately after failure. The average time between failing and being returned to service is termed mean down time (MDT) or mean time to repair (MTTR). MTBF = (downtime − uptime)/number of failures. Wikipedia^(xix) MTTR Mean Time to Recovery - the average time that a device will take to recover from a non-terminal failure. Examples of such devices range from self-resetting fuses (where the MTTR would be very short, probably seconds), up to whole systems which have to be replaced. The MTTR would usually be part of a maintenance contract, where the user would pay more for a system whose MTTR was 24 hours, than for one of, say, 7 days. This does not mean the supplier is guaranteeing to have the system up and running again within 24 hours (or 7 days) of being notified of the failure. It does mean the average repair time will tend towards 24 hours (or 7 days). A more useful maintenance contract measure is the maximum time to recovery which can be easily measured and the supplier held accountable. Wikipedia^(xx) OLAP On Line Analytical Processing. OLAP performs multidimensional analysis of business data and provides the capability for complex calculations, trend analysis, and sophisticated data modeling. OLAP enables end-users to perform ad hoc analysis of data in multiple dimensions, thereby providing the insight and understanding the need for better decision making. Paris ™ Technologies ™ Planogram A planogram is a diagram of fixtures and products that illustrates how and where retail products should be displayed, usually on a store shelf in order to increase customer purchases. They may also be referred to as planograms, plan-o-grams, schematics (archaic) or POGs. A planogram is often received before a product reaches a store, and is useful when a retailer wants multiple store displays to have the same look and feel. Often a consumer packaged goods manufacturer will release a new suggested planogram with their new product, to show how it relates to existing products in said category. Planograms are used nowadays in all kind of retail areas. A planogram defines which product is placed in which area of a shelving unit and with which quantity. The rules and theories for the creation of a planogram are set under the term of merchandising. Wikipedia^(xxii) Request Queue The Request Queue manages Visual Documents requests generated by a user or the scheduler. As requests are processed, the Visual Document maintains various statuses until the Visual Document is complete and available to be viewed by a user. SaaS Software as a Service. A software application delivery model where a software vendor develops a web-native software application and hosts and operates (either independently or through a third-party) the application for use by its customers over the Internet. Customers do not pay for owning the software itself but rather for using it. Wikipedia^(xxiii) Scrum Scrum is an agile process that can be used to manage and control software development. With Scrum, projects progress via a series of iterations called sprints. These iterations could be as short as 1 week or as long as 1 month. Scrum is ideally suited for projects with rapidly changing or highly emergent requirements. The work to be done on a Scrum project is listed in the Product Backlog, which is a list of all desired changes to the product. At the start of each sprint a Sprint Planning Meeting is held during which the Product Owner prioritizes the Product Backlog and the Scrum Team selects the tasks they can complete during the coming Sprint. These tasks are then moved from the Product Backlog to the Sprint Backlog. Each day during the sprint a brief daily meeting is held called the Daily Scrum, which helps the team stay on track. At the end of each sprint the team demonstrates the completed functionality at a Sprint Review Meeting. Self Organizing A type of artificial neural network that is trained using Maps (SOM) unsupervised learning to produce a low-dimensional (typically two dimensional), representation of the input space of the training samples, called a map. The map seeks to preserve the topological properties of the input space. Wikipedia^(xxiv) Servlets Servlets are modules of Java code that run in a server application (hence the name “Servlets”, similar to “Applets” on the client side) to answer client requests. Servlets are not tied to a specific client-server protocol but they are most commonly used with HTTP and the word “Servlet” is often used in the meaning of “HTTP Servlet”. Servlets make use of the Java standard extension classes. Since Servlets are written in the highly portable Java language and follow a standard framework, they provide a means to create sophisticated server extensions in a server and operating system independent way. Typical uses for HTTP Servlets include: 1. Processing and/or storing data submitted by an HTML form. 2. Providing dynamic content, e.g. returning the results of a database query to the client. 3. Managing state information on top of the stateless HTTP, e.g. for an online shopping cart system which manages shopping carts for many concurrent customers and maps every request to the right customer. Servlet Essentials^(xxv) Subject Matter The Subject Matter Expert is that individual who exhibits the Expert (SME) highest level of expertise in performing a specialized job, task, or skill within the organization. Six Sigma^(xxvi) WebSphere WebSphere is an IBM ™ brand of products that implement and extend Sun’s JavaTwoEnterpriseEdition (J2EE) platform. The Java-based application and transaction infrastructure delivers high-volume transaction processing for e-business and provides enhanced capabilities for transaction management, as well as security, performance, availability, connectivity, and scalability. IBM ™ WebSphere Product Pages^(xxvii)

Further Embodiments

It will be understood that the embodiments of the present invention described herein are by way of example only, and that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of invention.

It will be understood that any reference to displaying a visual representation on a screen equally applies to storing that representation or printing the representation onto any suitable medium.

As explained above, the data used to display, store or print may be adjusted by the system according to the purpose of the data.

Further, it will be understood that any references in this document to any modules, engines or associated processing, analysis, determination, or other steps, may be implemented in any form.

For example, the modules or engines may be implemented, and the associated steps may be carried out, using hardware, firmware or software.

Positioning and Location Services

This invention pertains to read-write capable tags that may be active or passive. The RFID tags in this invention are capable of transmitting sensor data along with tag identification data in their response to a query from a reader. The response from such an RFID tag may be compliant to different standards where the number of bits in the response will be fixed length or can be of arbitrary length. It is envisioned that future tags will be capable of communicating larger amount of data with varying size in bits than that exists today. When the data is of fixed size, only information that can be accommodated within the fixed length will be communicated in as efficient a manner as possible. An example is the x, y and z axis measurements from an accelerometer. When this information needs to be transmitted with a maximum of 24 bits, only 8 bits of this information for each axis can be sent. This could degrade the granularity of the measurement. However, if 48 bits are available for transmission of the information, 16 bits of data per axis can be provided.

In a further embodiment illustrated in FIG. 8 an improved RFID tag that features an RFID controller, memory 1802, Power Management 1804, an Antenna 1803 and sensors used in parcels or in warehouses in order to locate parcels, packages and the like. Sensors include an accelerometer 1804, a gyroscope 1806 and a magnetometer 1807. An accelerometer is mandatory while gyroscope and magnetometer can be augmented to improve accuracy as necessary depending on accuracy of application needed. Further other sensors could be included in the tag such as GPS.

The wireless charging module (chip) 1810 is an optional module. It should be possible with just the power management unit 1804 to charge from available RF energy. The wireless charging module 1810 ensures that RFID device has enough power to support many sensors and can support longer distances due to increased transmit power.

The positioning system of the present invention can be used in warehouses, ship dock yards, manufacturing floors to name a few locations. It could even be tagged on to ID cards carried by people to locate them within a warehouse, shop floor, hospital or other building space. Any application that needs accurate positioning limited by the range of the RF signals in a given band could potentially use the system.

In order to locate a package parcel or person the system using and RFID reader 1909 queries the RFID tags (1901, 1902) periodically. Each RFID tag responds with an ID and sensor data. The RFID reader 1909 reports responses to server 1900. The server 1900 computes position of tags based on sensor data and optionally from reference tag (1906, 1905) information. The initial position of tags can be computed by the server 1900 based on the received signal strength indication of the RFID reader 1909 and euclidean distance calculations.

Movement of tags based on the sensor data received can be calculated using a markov chain probabilistic model (such as particle filters) to provide more accurate location. The use of partical filters to determine location is described in Particle Filters in Robotics, Sebastian Thrun, Computer Science Department Carnegie Mellon University (robots.stanford.edu/papers/thrun.pf-in-robotics-uai02.pdf)

The use of sensor measurements from the accelerometer along with the sensor measurements from external devices using bayes filters to calculate the posterior positional probability.

The present invention enhances positional accuracy and makes it possible to determine position accurately to within a few centimeters

The position of the RFID tags can be further enhanced using a model previously trained or trained on an ongoing basis. Referring to FIG. 16 the training of a model for periodically improving positioning accuracy of stationary objects with periodic updates in an embodiment of the invention is illustrated. A signal 2205 from an RFID tag in a known position in a test environment (for example on a factory floor when the production line is not operating) is received, the signal including information from an attached accelerometer and gyroscope, is received by RFID antennae. While an example of collecting data from a factory floor when the production line is not operating has been discussed above this is not to be taken as limiting. The system can collect and use data while a factory is operating for continuously calibrating the system. Even the initial training can be from data while factory is operational. The only requirement is that there are tags placed in known locations on the floor.

The position of the RFID tag is first estimated 2210, without the accelerometer and gyroscope information using known means based on antenna position, signal intensity and other inputs-see for instance the zone-based systems described in “Why Zone-Based Real-time Location Systems Are Superior” by Abraham Blonder, RFID Journal, Aug. 22, 2011 (www.rfidjournal.com/articles/view?8583). Typically, x, y, and z cartesian coordinates are returned by this process. The actual coordinates, accelerometer reading and gyroscope reading for the known position of the RFID tag will be recorded 2215.

The values estimated at 2210 as well as the actual values recorded in 2215 will be used as input 2220 to train a positioning refinement model. Typically, classification or regression models or an Artificial Neural Network will be used for this purpose. Different training algorithms like Ridge regression, Bayesian regression, perceptron can be used to optimize a cost function which is the error in estimated position from input samples.

The models will be evaluated 2225 utilizing the appropriate methods for the model type used based on its accuracy, stability and speed or other characteristics as appropriate. The model may be refined and retrained until the analyst is satisfied with the results.

Once the model has been appropriately refined, it is placed into production 2230. The more accurate results produced by the model may be utilized, for example, to generate alerts and as the basis for the various visualizations described in this specification.

In a further embodiment illustrated in FIG. 17 a training model that improves positioning accuracy of stationary objects with continuous updates in a further embodiment is illustrated. A signal from an RFID tag in a known position in the production environment, including information from an attached accelerometer and gyroscope, is received 2305 by RFID antennae. Typically, the RFID tags selected will be a random sample of all tags.

The position of the random RFID tag is first estimated 2210, without the accelerometer and gyroscope information using known means based on antenna position, signal intensity and other inputs. Typically, x, y, and z cartesian coordinates will be returned by this process.

The actual coordinates, accelerometer reading and gyroscope reading for the known position of the random RFID tag will be recorded 2315. The values estimated in 2310 as well as the actual values recorded in 2315 will be used as input to train a positioning refinement model 2320. Typically, classification or regression models or an Artificial Neural Network will be used for this purpose. Different training algorithms like Ridge regression, Bayesian regression, perceptron can be used to optimize a cost function which is the error in estimated position from input samples. The speed of processing requirement will be determined by the definition in terms of frequency given to “continuous updates” be they every second, once an hour, etc.

The initial evaluation of the model will be automated 2325. Optionally the model will be periodically refined utilizing the steps described in FIG. 22, particularly at step 2225. If the automated evaluation of the model performed at 2325 meets certain thresholds, the refined model will be placed immediately into production 2330. The process begins again at step 2305.

Referring to FIG. 18 model for training to improve the positioning accuracy of moving objects with periodic updates is illustrated. A signal from an RFID tag in a known starting position in a test environment (for example on a factory floor when the production line is not operating), including information from an attached accelerometer and gyroscope, is received by RFID antennae 2405. While an example of collecting data from a factory floor when the production line is not operating has been discussed above this is not to be taken as limiting. The system can collect and use data while factory is operating for continuously calibrating the system. Even the initial training can be from data while factory is operational. The only requirement is that there are RFID tags placed in known locations on the floor.

The position of the RFID tag is first estimated 2410, without the accelerometer and gyroscope information using known means based on antenna position, signal intensity and other inputs. Typically, x, y, and z cartesian coordinates will be returned by this process. The actual coordinates, accelerometer reading and gyroscope reading for the known starting position of the RFID tag will be recorded 2415. The RFID tag is moved toward the known end-point 2417. As the RFID tag is moved toward the known end-point, the process beginning at 2405 is repeated until a final reading is taken when known end-point is reached 2419. The values estimated in 2410 as well as the actual values recorded in 2415 will be used as input to train a positioning refinement model 2420. Typically, classification or regression models or an Artificial Neural Network will be used for this purpose. Different training algorithms like Ridge regression, Bayesian regression, perceptron can be used to optimize a cost function which is the error in estimated position from input samples. The models will be evaluated 2425 utilizing the appropriate methods for the model type used based on its accuracy, stability and speed or other characteristics as appropriate. The model may be refined and retrained until the analyst is satisfied with the results. Once the model has been appropriately refined, it is placed into production 2430. The more accurate results produced by the model may be utilized, for example, to generate alerts and as the basis for the various visualizations described in this specification.

Referring to FIG. 19 the training of a model for improving positioning accuracy of moving objects with continuous updates is illustrated. A signal from an RFID tag in a known starting position in the production environment is received 2505, including information from an attached accelerometer and gyroscope, is received by RFID antennae. Typically, the RFIDs selected will be a random sample of all tags. The position of the random RFID tag is first estimated 2410, without the accelerometer and gyroscope information using known means based on antenna position, signal intensity and other inputs. Typically, x, y, and z cartesian coordinates will be returned by this process. The actual coordinates, accelerometer reading and gyroscope reading 50 for the known starting position of the RFID tag will be recorded 2515. The RFID tag is moved toward the known end-point 2517. As the RFID tag is moved toward the known end-point, the process beginning at 2405 is repeated until a final reading is taken when known end-point is reached 2519.

The values estimated in 2510 as well as the actual values recorded in 2515 will be used as input to train a positioning refinement model 2520. Typically, classification or regression models or an Artificial Neural Network will be used for this purpose. Different training algorithms like Ridge regression, Bayesian regression, perceptron can be used to optimize a cost function which is the error in estimated position from input samples. The speed of processing requirement will be determined by the definition in terms of frequency given to “continuous updates” be they every second, once an hour, etc.

The initial evaluation of the model will be automated 2525. Optionally the model will be periodically refined utilizing the steps described in FIG. 22, particularly at step 2225. If the automated evaluation of the model performed at 2525 meets certain thresholds, the refined model will be placed immediately into production 2530. The process begins again at step 2505.

Referring to FIG. 20 signal processing for stationary objects is illustrated. A signal from an RFID, including information from an attached accelerometer and gyroscope, is received by RFID antennae 2605. The position of the RFID tag is first estimated 2610, without the accelerometer and gyroscope information using known means based on antenna position, signal intensity and other inputs. Typically, x, y, and z cartesian coordinates will be returned by this process. The data from 2610 is placed 2615 into the models trained in the steps described in one or more of FIG. 16 and FIG. 17 wherein the positioning information estimation is refined by the models.

The refined positioning information produced in 2615 is then sent to a visualization module where one or more visualizations are produced 2620.

The visualizations produced in 2620 are typically frequently analyzed by an analyst, and then action is taken in order to improve the operation in which the RFIDs are utilized 2625. Whenever feasible, the analyst collects the actual position of the RFID tag 2630. The data collected in 2630 is then input 2635 into training the model described in FIG. 23.

Referring to FIG. 21a method of the signal processing for moving objects is illustrated. A signal from an RFID, including information from an attached accelerometer and gyroscope, is received 2705 by RFID antennae from a starting, intermediate or ending position depending on the position of the moving RFID tag in route. The position of the RFID tag is first estimated 2710, without the accelerometer and gyroscope information using known means based on antenna position, signal intensity and other inputs. Typically, x, y, and z cartesian coordinates will be returned by this process.

The data from 2710 is placed 2715 into the models trained in the steps described in one or more of and FIG. 18 and FIG. 19 wherein the positioning information estimation is refined by the models. The refined positioning information produced in 2715 is then sent 2720 to a visualization module where one or more visualizations are produced. This information includes the current estimated position of the RFID tag in route to its ending position, and the visualization may indicate the estimated path taken to the current position.

The visualizations produced in 2720 are typically frequently analyzed by an analyst, and then action is taken in order to improve the operation in which the RFIDs are utilized 2725. Whenever feasible, the analyst collects 2730 the actual position and path of the RFID. The data collected in 2730 is then input 2735 into training the model described in FIG. 19. Positioning data for the object may be continually processed 2740 until its end-point has been reached.

The continuous calibration of the system and periodic update of the model can adapt to changes in the environment. The changes in environment could be addition of new antennas, firmware changes in positioning system, floor layout changes, changes in objects that scatter RFID signals differently, drop in coverage due to failed antenna resulting in large error in estimation from positioning system.

Mapping and Alerts

Referring to FIG. 10 a location mapping and alert system 2000 will be described. The mapping and alert systems 2000 maps on a virtual map or floorplan 2001 of a location such as a warehouse or manufacturing plant the location of various icons 2002.

Each of the icons 2002 represent at least one object whose position has been determined by the RFID system previously described or using some other location device such as GPS.

Referring to FIG. 11 each of the icons 2010 has a visual indicator and an outer ring 2011. The outer ring is typically broken into four segments indicating four states of the objects represented by the icon 2010.

When represented on the map 2001 the icons 2010 multiple icons may be combined into a single icon. The icons 2010 are combined if at the zoom level of the application 2000 the icons would overlap.

Referring again to FIG. 11 three icons showing a fork truck, cart and tools 3010 would be combined into a combined icon 2020. Additional the ring which represents the state of the objects 2011 would be combined 2021. The combining method is illustrated in the table shown in FIG. 15, the number of objects in each state are added together and the percent of the objects in each state is then calculated.

FIG. 12 represents an alternative method of combining multiple icons. Three icons showing a truck, cart and tools 3010 would be combined into a combined icon 2030. The system stores additional information of the relationship between the icons in this case that the tools and cart and child objects of the truck and may be combined with the truck if overlap would occur. Additional the ring which represents the state of the objects 2011 would be combined 2031.

Further as illustrated in FIG. 13 when an object represented by an icon moves the system once it has detected a move may combine and split objects.

In FIG. 13 when object 2050 moves into the vicinity of objects 2060 and 2070 a combined object 2080 is created. When object 2050 moves away from objects 2060 and 2070 the combined object is reevaluated and a separate object for 2050 is maintained but objects 2060 and 2070 are combined in object 2080.

Referring to FIG. 14 the various details that can be provided by the system are illustrated. When the map 2001 is zoomed into a region all the individual icons representing objects are displayed 2100. If a user zooms out of a region so that the icons would overlap a combined icon containing the information from multiple other icons is created and displayed 2101. If a user selects an aggregated/combined icon then the details are expanded 2102 to show the icons that make up the combined/aggregated icon.

When a user selects an individual icon, either because they are displayed 2100 or in the expanded combined icon view 2102, the details associated with the individual icon are shown in an expanded individual icon view 2103 including the alerts in each alert category.

A user may also select the alerts from the expanded individual icon view 2103 to see the objects/items within that alert view 2104 and the alerts associated with each item/object 2105.

The alerts on each object/item are retrieved from a data store in association with other information on the items including the location discussed above.

While the present invention has been illustrated by the description of the embodiments thereof, and while the embodiments have been described in detail, it is not the intention of the Applicant to restrict or in any way limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail. Further, the above embodiments may be implemented individually, or may be combined where compatible. Additional advantages and modifications, including combinations of the above embodiments, will readily appear to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the invention in its broader aspects is not limited to the specific details, representative apparatus and methods, and illustrative examples shown and described. Accordingly, departures may be made from such details without departure from the spirit or scope of the Applicant's general inventive concept.

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What we claim is:
 1. A positioning determination method using a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) location tag, the location tag comprising: an RFID controller; memory; a power management module; and an accelerometer, wherein the method comprises the steps of: periodically polling a plurality of non reference RFID location tags for information; receiving tag information from a plurality of reference RFID tags, each of the reference RFID tags being at a separate known location; receiving information from the non reference RFID tags, the information including the RFID tag identification (id) and sensor data including sensor data from the accelerometer; calculating for each non reference and referenced RFID tag a received signal strength indication; and calculating an initial position for each non reference RFID tag based on the received signal strength indications and the positions of the reference RFID tags.
 2. The positioning determination method of claim 1 including the step of further calculating a more accurate position for each non-reference RFID tag based on further sensor data, using a trained model.
 3. The positioning determination method of claim 2 wherein the trained model is trained using a method comprising the steps of: receiving information from a non-reference RFID tag, the information including the RFID tag id and sensor data; calculating an initial position for the non-reference RFID tag using the trained model; obtaining the actual coordinates of the non-reference RFID tag; providing the calculated and actual coordinates to the trained model; and refining the trained model based on the calculated and actual coordinates.
 4. The positioning determination method of claim 3 wherein the trained model is periodically updated.
 5. The positioning determination method of claim 3 wherein the trained model is continuously updated.
 6. The positioning determination method of claim 1 wherein the non-reference RFID tags further includes a gyroscope and the position of each non reference RFID tag is calculated based on information from the gyroscope.
 7. The positioning determination method of claim 6 wherein the non-reference RFID tags further includes a magnetometer and the position of each non reference RFID tag is calculated based on information from the magnetometer.
 8. The positioning determination method of claim 1 wherein the non-reference RFID tags further includes a magnetometer and the position of each non reference RFID tag is calculated based on information from the magnetometer.
 9. A positioning determination method using a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) location tag, the location tag comprising: an RFID controller; memory; a power management module; an accelerometer; a gyroscope; and a magnetometer, wherein the method comprises the steps of: periodically polling a plurality of non reference RFID location tags for information; receiving tag information from a plurality of reference RFID tags, each of the reference RFID tags being at a separate known location; receiving information from the non reference RFID tags, the information including a tag identification (id) and sensor data including sensor data from one of the accelerometer, the gyroscope and the magnetometer; calculating for each non reference and reference RFID tag a received signal strength indication; and calculating an initial position for each non reference RFID tag based on the received signal strength indications and the positions of the reference RFID tags.
 10. The positioning determination method of claim 9 including the step of further calculating a more accurate position for each non-reference RFID tag based on further sensor data, using a trained model.
 11. The positioning determination method of claim 10 wherein the trained model is trained using a method comprising the steps of: receiving information from a non-reference RFID tag, the information including the RFID tag id and sensor data; calculating an initial position for the non-reference RFID tag using the trained model; obtaining the actual coordinates of the non-reference RFID tag; providing the calculated and actual coordinates to the trained model; and refining the trained model based on the calculated and actual coordinates.
 12. The positioning determination method of claim 11 wherein the trained model is periodically updated.
 13. The positioning determination method of claim 11 wherein the trained model is continuously updated.
 14. The positioning determination method of claim 9 wherein the non-reference RFID tags may not include a gyroscope and magnetometer and the position is calculated from accelerometer data.
 15. The positioning determination method of claim 9 wherein the non-reference RFID tags may not include a magnetometer and the position is calculated from accelerometer and gyroscope data.
 16. In a data visualization computing system, implemented on an electronic computing device, a method of generating a representation of data values on a virtual map for a plurality of data objects located in the real space represented by the map, the method comprising the steps of the data visualization computing system: i) retrieving for each object data values from a data storage module in communication with the data visualization system; ii) determining a location of the object on the map using the method of claim 1, wherein the object has an attached RFID non reference Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) location tag; and iii) combining objects that are the same and are located in a similar space and representing the objects by an icon on the map in a location representative of the location of the objects in real space, wherein the data values for each object retrieved include alerts associated with each object and wherein the icons including indicia to indicate alerts.
 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising combining icons that would overlap on the map.
 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the alerts associated with the combined icon are also combined.
 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising combining icons that would overlap on the map based on a parent child relationship between the icons. 